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Energy efficiency of rural residential buildings: a sustainable case study in Daping Village, Sichuan

Jiaping LIU, Rongrong HU, Liu YANG, Dalong LIU, Runshan WANG,

《能源前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第1期页码 117-121 doi: 10.1007/s11708-009-0081-2

摘要： A new type of rural residential building that is ecological, energy efficient and comfortable was designed. Research on the new building was sponsored by the Post-disaster Reconstruction Project in Daping Village, Sichuan Province. Based on field investigation and quantitative analysis, an appropriate design strategy and technology is presented, including climatic design strategies, local material use and building energy simulation.

关键词： rural residential building energy efficiency sustainability

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Comparative analysis of energy use in China building sector: current status, existing problems and solutions

Shengyuan ZHANG, Xiu YANG, Yi JIANG, Qingpeng WEI,

《能源前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第1期页码 2-21 doi: 10.1007/s11708-010-0023-z

摘要： Energy use in buildings has attracted more and more attention due to its significant proportion in the energy pan of the world. China is the second largest energy user, yet the situation of energy use in the China building sector remains unclear, due to problems of statistics and data processing and problematic use of these data. In this paper, a series of methods is developed, in the first place, to give strict definitions of energy data and to divide energy use into 4 sub-sectors according to the unique situation of China. Then, each sub-sector is further analyzed through international comparisons. Existing problems of energy use and solutions for energy reduction in each sub-sector are also discussed. Accordingly, it is found that China uses much less energy, in terms of both per capita and unit area, in buildings than developed countries. The difference in energy use could be attributed, in large part, to lifestyles of local people, which could determine their way of energy use but is more determined by cultural concepts than by others such as income, technique and so on, especially in China. However, to fulfill the requirements of lifestyles with higher living standards and lower energy consumption, technological innovations are needed.

关键词： building energy use lifestyle and technology residential building commercial building rural building

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Statistical analysis of residential building energy consumption in Tianjin

Jihong LING,Luhui ZHAO,Jincheng XING,Zhiqiang LU

《能源前沿（英文）》 2014年第8卷第4期页码 513-520 doi: 10.1007/s11708-014-0327-5

摘要： To analyze the effect of energy conservation policies on energy consumption of residential buildings, the characteristics of energy consumption and indoor thermal comfort were investigated in detail in Tianjin, China, based on official statistical yearbook and field survey data. A comprehensive survey of 305 households indicates that the mean electricity consumption per household is 3215 kWh/a, in which annual cooling electricity consumption is 344 kWh/a, and the mean natural gas consumption for cooking is 103.2 m /a. Analysis of 3966 households data shows that space heating average intensity of residential buildings designed before 1996 is 133.7 kWh/(m ·a), that of buildings designed between 1996 and 2004 is 117.2 kWh/(m ·a), and that of buildings designed after 2004 is 105.0 kWh/(m ·a). Apparently, enhancing the performance of envelops is effective in reducing space heating intensity. Furthermore, the results of questionnaires show that 18% of the residents feel slightly warm and hot respectively, while 3% feel slightly cold in winter. Therefore, the electricity consumption in summer will rise for meeting indoor thermal comfort.

关键词： energy intensity indoor thermal comfort residential building survey statistical analysis energy conversation

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Facility managers’ perceptions on building performance assessment

Rafaela BORTOLINI, Núria FORCADA

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2018年第5卷第3期页码 324-333 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2018010

摘要：

During the operational phase, building performance may decrease in various areas, so that the end users’ requirements are no longer met. Consequently, indicators are useful to assess and improve the performance of existing buildings. In this study, we carried out a literature review and organized a focus group with facility management experts to gather and analyze facility managers’ perceptions on operational indicators that could be used to assess the performance of buildings. The results revealed that the core indicators used to measure a building’s operational performance are related to safety and assets working properly, health and comfort, space functionality, and energy performance. The findings also revealed that these indicators can be obtained from three sources: a) facility managers/operators, who carry out corrective maintenance and perform technical inspections, b) regular users, who report complaints and fill-in satisfaction questionnaires, and c) sporadic users, who also fill-in satisfaction questionnaires. These indicators and their sources can contribute to a better analysis of building performance and the definition of measures to improve performance during the operational phase of a building.

关键词： building performance facility management non-residential buildings

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Carbon emission analysis of a residential building in China through life cycle assessment

Yin ZHANG,Xuejing ZHENG,Huan ZHANG,Gaofeng CHEN,Xia WANG

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2016年第10卷第1期页码 150-158 doi: 10.1007/s11783-014-0684-7

摘要： In this paper, a quantitative life cycle model for carbon emission accounting was developed based on the life cycle assessment (LCA) theory. A residential building in Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-city (Tianjin, China) was selected as a sample, which had been constructed according to the concept of green environmental protection and sustainable development. In the scenario of this research, material production, construction, use and maintenance, and demolition phases were assessed by building carbon emission models. Results show that use and maintenance phase and material production phase are the most significant contributors to the life cycle carbon emissions of a building. We also analyzed some factor influences in LCA, including the thickness of the insulating layer and the length of building service life. The analysis suggest that thicker insulating layer does not necessarily produce less carbon emissions in the light of LCA, and if service life of a building increases, its carbon emissions during the whole life cycle will rise as well but its unit carbon emission will decrease inversely. Some advices on controlling carbon emissions from buildings are also provided.

关键词： life cycle assessment carbon emission factor influence analysis

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Smart residential energy management system for demand response in buildings with energy storage devices

S. L. ARUN, M. P. SELVAN

《能源前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第4期页码 715-730 doi: 10.1007/s11708-018-0538-2

摘要： In the present scenario, the utilities are focusing on smart grid technologies to achieve reliable and profitable grid operation. Demand side management (DSM) is one of such smart grid technologies which motivate end users to actively participate in the electricity market by providing incentives. Consumers are expected to respond (demand response (DR)) in various ways to attain these benefits. Nowadays, residential consumers are interested in energy storage devices such as battery to reduce power consumption from the utility during peak intervals. In this paper, the use of a smart residential energy management system (SREMS) is demonstrated at the consumer premise to reduce the total electricity bill by optimally time scheduling the operation of household appliances. Further, the SREMS effectively utilizes the battery by scheduling the mode of operation of the battery (charging/floating/discharging) and the amount of power exchange from the battery while considering the variations in consumer demand and utility parameters such as electricity price and consumer consumption limit (CCL). The SREMS framework is implemented in Matlab and the case study results show significant yields for the end user.

关键词： smart grid demand side management (DSM) demand response (DR) smart building smart appliances energy storage

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西藏高原低能耗建筑设计关键技术研究与应用

刘加平,杨柳,刘艳峰,田国民

《中国工程科学》 2011年第13卷第10期页码 40-46

摘要：

针对西藏高原地区城乡居住建筑环境质量差、常规能源缺乏的现状，通过对城乡居住建筑的大规模实地勘察、对建筑物理环境和能耗等指标的详细测算以及对城镇居住建筑和传统民居基本模式的综合分析，提出了适合西藏高原自然气候条件和社会经济背景的低能耗建筑设计的基本理论、方法及其关键技术问题。研发了低能耗建筑设计基本气象参数数据，创作出以太阳能综合利用为核心技术、适合当地民族文化和社会经济发展状况的城镇节能居住建筑体系和新型乡村生态民居建筑并建成示范工程，在满足基本热舒适条件下，同时保证了居住建筑的采暖和空调的超低能耗。编制了西藏地区建筑节能设计相关标准和图集，推动了当地建筑节能行业的整体进步。研究成果对于西部其他地区亦具有借鉴意义。

关键词：西藏高原建筑节能太阳能利用居住建筑低能耗建筑

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Emission factors of gaseous carbonaceous species from residential combustion of coal and crop residue

Qin WANG, Chunmei GENG, Sihua LU, Wentai CHEN, Min SHAO

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2013年第7卷第1期页码 66-76 doi: 10.1007/s11783-012-0428-5

摘要： Experiments were performed to measure the emission factors ( s) of gaseous carbonaceous species, such as CO , CO, CH , and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), from the combustion of five types of coal of varying organic maturity and two types of biomass briquettes under residential burning conditions. Samples were collected in stainless steel canisters and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) cartridges and were analyzed by GC–FID/MS and HPLC, respectively. The s from crop residue briquette burning were generally higher than those from coals, with the exception of CO . The dominant NMVOC species identified in coal smoke were carbonyls (41.7%), followed by C2 unsaturated hydrocarbons (29.1%) and aromatics (12.1%), while C2 unsaturated hydrocarbons were the dominant species (68.9%) emitted from the combustion of crop residue briquettes, followed by aromatics (14.4%). A comparison of burning normal crop residues in stoves and the open field indicated that briquettes emitted a larger proportion of ethene and acetylene. Both combustion efficiency and coal organic maturity had a significant impact on NMVOC s from burning coal: NMVOC emissions increased with increasing coal organic maturity but decreased as the combustion efficiency improved. Emissions from the combustion of crop residue briquettes from stoves occurred mainly during the smoldering process, with low combustion efficiency. Therefore, an improved stove design to allow higher combustion efficiency would be beneficial for reducing emissions of carbonaceous air pollutants.

关键词： residential combustion coal crop residue briquette emission factors gaseous carbonaceous species

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Thermal and energy analysis of a Chinese kang

Zhi ZHUANG, Yuguo LI, Xudong YANG, Bin CHEN, Jiaping LIU,

《能源前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第1期页码 84-92 doi: 10.1007/s11708-010-0009-x

摘要： About 67million Chinese kangs are still used by about 175million people in China today. The kang utilizes biomass burning for space heating and hence reduces the use of commercial energy. However, the existing design of kangs is largely based on the accumulated experience of craftsmen, for lack of scientific studies and engineering design guidelines. Poor construction of kangs also leads to serious indoor air pollution. In this paper, a macroscopic smoke flow and heat transfer model of an elevated kang is integrated in a widely-used building energy analysis software in China–DeST, and the integrated software can be used for the thermal performance analysis of kang-integrated houses. A typical house with kangs in various villages of northern China is chosen as a case study. The annual performance of the kang under different insulations of building envelope and climatic conditions are discussed. Based on the simulation results, it is found that the thermal comfort requirement of the outside surface of the upper kang plate can be met by a proper construction of the kang and selection of the appropriate firing pattern. The better the insulation of the building envelope is or the better the room air tightness is, the greater the indoor air temperature rise and the greater the building heating load contribution of the kang. In the eight selected cities in northern China, the use of kang can meet 50%–80% of the house heating load.

关键词： Chinese kang elevated kang rural house thermal modeling building energy efficiency DeST

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住宅建筑需求侧柔性——定义、柔性负荷及量化方法 Review

罗正意, 彭晋卿, 曹静宇, 殷荣欣, 邹斌, 谭羽桐, 严晋跃

《工程（英文）》 2022年第16卷第9期页码 123-140 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2022.01.010

摘要：

本文综述了近年来关于住宅建筑需求侧柔性的定义、柔性负荷及柔性量化方法方面的研究。首先，针对建筑需求侧柔性、运行柔性和能源柔性等不同的术语，进行了系统的比较和区分；其次，对住宅建筑主要柔性负荷的运行特性和柔性能力进行了总结和比较；再次，对柔性负荷的建模方法和柔性量化指标也进行了详细的综述和总结。最后，提出了当前建筑需求侧柔性领域存在的一些亟待解决的问题。研究结果表明当前针对住宅建筑需求侧柔性的研究主要以中央空调、储水式电热水器、湿电器、冰箱和照明为主，分别占现有研究的36.7%、25.7%、14.7%、9.2%和8.3%。这些柔性负荷在运行特性、使用频率和柔性能力
方面存在较大的差异，而对于它们实际的响应特性有待进一步研究。此外，本文给出了用于柔性负荷建模的白箱、灰箱和黑箱模型在不同应用场合下适用性的建议；对于柔性量化指标，现有研究主要从功率、时间、能量、效率、经济性和环保性等维度提出了大量的指标，但是缺少统一的柔性量化体系。本文能够帮助读者更好地理解建筑需求侧柔性、区分与柔性相关的不同的术语、了解住宅建筑不同柔性负荷的运行特性和柔性能力，同时也能为柔性负荷的建模和柔性量化的相关研究提供指导。

关键词：住宅建筑需求侧柔性柔性负荷建模方法量化指标

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Significance of using isolated footing technique for residential construction on expansive soils

Harry FAR,Deacon FLINT

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2017年第11卷第1期页码 123-129 doi: 10.1007/s11709-016-0372-8

摘要： Expansive soils cause problems with the founding of lightly loaded structures in many parts of the world. Foundation design for expansive soils is one of the most discussed and problematic issues in Australia as expansive soils were responsible for billions of dollars’ worth of damage to man-made structures such as buildings and roads. Several studies and reports indicate that one of the most common and least recognized problems causing severe structural damage to houses lies in expansive soils. In this study, a critical review has been carried out on the current Australian standards for building on expansive soils and they are compared with some techniques that are not included in the current Australian standards for residential slabs and footings. Based on the results of this review, the most effective and economical method has been proposed for construction of footings on all site classifications without restriction to 75mm of characteristic movement. In addition, it has become apparent that as design procedures for footings resting on sites with extreme characteristic movements are not included in the current Australian standards, there is a strong need for well-developed and simplified standard design procedures for characteristic soil movement of greater than 75mm to be included into the Australian Standards.

关键词： expansive soils residential slabs isolated footings Australian Standards

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日本乡村规划建设治理研究

冯旭,王凯,马克尼

《中国工程科学》 2019年第21卷第2期页码 34-39 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2019.02.016

摘要：

本文对日本新版国土形成规划中的乡村定位，以及典型地区的乡村规划思路、建设内容、基层治理等进行了深入研究。日本乡村地区的规划与治理是在地方政府及村民自治会共同引导下，通过挖掘、发扬地域特色，实现对传统文化的保护、特色产业的振兴、乡村规划的编制、建设行为的管治。在未来乡村发展战略及建设重点、乡村规划编制目标与具体内容、乡村基层治理分工三个方面，对我国乡村规划建设与管理具有借鉴意义。

关键词：乡村发展战略乡村规划乡村建设乡村治理日本乡村

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Review of challenges and strategies for balanced urban–rural environmental protection in China

Beidou XI,Xiaoguang LI,Jixi GAO,Ying ZHAO,Hongliang LIU,Xunfeng XIA,Tianxue YANG,Lieyu ZHANG,Xuan JIA

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2015年第9卷第3期页码 371-384 doi: 10.1007/s11783-014-0744-z

摘要： With the rise of environmentalism in China, great efforts have been devoted to environmental protection over the past several decades. Compared with urban environmental protection, rural environmental protection has not been attached enough importance in China due to the dual-track structure of socio-economic development. As a result, rural China is shouldering disproportionally heavy environmental burdens partly because of the differences and biases between urban and rural environmental protection seen in environmental policies, environmental rights and interests, environmental protection investment, and the environmental protection awareness of people. To eliminate the gap between rural and urban environmental protection, and achieve the goal of “balanced urban–rural environmental protection” (BUREP), government should consider mapping out proper policies and strategies. In this paper we put forward an innovative strategy of BUREP against the background of China’s urban-rural environmental protection. First, we review the current status of rural environmental protection status and its challenges compared with urban environmental protection in China. Secondly, we analyzed the main driving factors and reasons deeply, and then we put forward the BUREP strategy base on the unequal status between urban and rural environment. Finally, we proposed the framework of BUREP. This study may serve as a scientific reference regarding decision-making in coordinating urban and rural environmental protection and in constructing the new countryside of China.

关键词： urban environment rural environment balanced urban–rural environmental protection framework of balanced urban–rural environmental protection (BUREP)

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A comprehensive overview of rural solid waste management in China

Chao ZENG,Dongjie NIU,Youcai ZHAO

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2015年第9卷第6期页码 949-961 doi: 10.1007/s11783-015-0816-8

摘要： This paper aims to conduct a comprehensive review of rural solid waste (RSW) in terms of characteristics, management and legislation. Survey results show that RSW generation rates range from 0.25 to 2.1 kg·(capita·d) in different rural villages across regions of China. Total RSW generation has been increasing, which is far higher than official data in 2014. RSW are dominated by food residue and coal ash/cinder/dust (at approximately 70%). Most of RSW are still discarded randomly without any treatment in China. Scattered RSW generation sources, imperfect legislation system, poor infrastructure on treatment and disposal are identified as the biggest challenge for RSW management currently in China. To improve RSW management, increasing financial resources, establishing sorting collection and transportation network, promoting sorting collection and recycling, improving treatment technology are proposed as the possible solution.

关键词： rural solid waste characteristics management legislation China

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DSM in an area consisting of residential, commercial and industrial load in smart grid

Balasubramaniyan SARAVANAN

《能源前沿（英文）》 2015年第9卷第2期页码 211-216 doi: 10.1007/s11708-015-0351-0

摘要： With the latest introduction of the demand side management (DSM) in smart grids, the power distribution units are able to modify the load schedules of the consumers. This involves a co-operative interaction of the utility and the consumers so as to achieve customer load modifications in which the customer, utility and society all are benefited. The interaction is performed with the help of the devices known as the smart meter. This paper shows the use of game theory and logical mathematical expressions in order to achieve the objectives. The objectives are to minimize the peak to average ratio (PAR) and the energy cost. The outcome of the game between supplier and customers helps to shape the load profile. The design proposed in this paper is very user-friendly and is based on simple logarithmic programming computations. In this paper, residential, commercial and industrial types of loads are taken into account. A basic 24 h load schedule along with the fluctuating prices at each hour of the day is forecasted by the supplier of the various shiftable and non-shiftable loads and then that schedule is conveyed to the user. The users are encouraged to shift their high load devices to off-peak hours which will not only reduce their electricity costs but also substantially reduce the PAR in the load demand.

关键词： demand side management (DSM) smart grids peak to average ratio (PAR) smart meters and logarithmic price function